This article examines the complex and painful question of how the historical memory of the Holocaust influences the policies of the State of Israel toward the Palestinian population of the Gaza Strip. Based on an analysis of public discussions, political statements, human rights organizations' positions, and academic debates, the article reconstructs the multifaceted problem of the relationship between the collective trauma of the Jewish people and the actions taken by Israel during the military campaign that began after October 7, 2023. Particular attention is devoted to the phenomenon of using historical analogies, disputes over the applicability of the term "genocide," and the moral dilemma facing a society that has experienced catastrophe.