This article examines the historical depth of Iran's civilization, presenting evidence that supports its recognition as one of the oldest continuous statehoods on Earth. Based on analysis of archaeological findings, historical records, and recent rankings by international organizations, the article reconstructs Iran's remarkable trajectory from the Proto-Elamite period through the rise of successive empires to the present day. Particular attention is devoted to the Elamite civilization, the Achaemenid Empire's innovations, and the concept of "continuous sovereignty" that distinguishes Iran in global rankings of national longevity.

This article presents a comprehensive biography of Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in human history whose work fundamentally transformed humanity's understanding of the physical universe. Based on analysis of historical documents, scientific treatises, and biographical accounts, this article reconstructs Newton's trajectory from a solitary Cambridge scholar to President of the Royal Society and Master of the Mint. Particular attention is devoted to his groundbreaking contributions to physics, mathematics, optics, and astronomy, as well as his lesser-known pursuits in alchemy, theology, and chronology. The complex personality of Newton—secretive, intensely focused, and intellectually relentless—emerges as inseparable from the revolutionary ideas that laid the foundation for classical mechanics and dominated scientific thought for three centuries.

INTERFACES OF SOCIOLOGY AND CYBERSPACE

B. RIVADAVIA'S AGRARIAN REFORMS

New Atheistic Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion

"THE BASQUE COUNTRY AND FREEDOM", OR LONGEVITY IN THE WORLD OF TERRORISM

VACUUM LABORATORIES IN OUTER SPACE

THE BRAIN AND RECOGNITION OF VISUAL IMAGES

HEAVENLY SOURCES OF EARTHLY PROBLEMS

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BIOSPHERE AND EARTH CLIMATE

CYCLES OF THE LITHOSPHERE

NONLINEAR GEOPHYSICS

COGNITION OF MATTER

SCIENCE-KEY DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF URAL